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The death rate of German soldiers held by Soviet Union has been estimated at 15% by Mark Edele, [2] and at 35.8% by Niall Ferguson. [36] An even higher estimate of death rate has been suggested for the Italian soldiers held by the Soviet Union: 79% (estimate by Thomas Schlemmer ) [37]: 153 or 56.5%.
On 29 January 1942, forty-six persons, including 17 generals, among them Lieutenant Generals Pyotr Pumpur, Pavel Alekseyev, Konstantin Gusev, Yevgeny Ptukhin, Nikolai Trubetskoy, Pyotr Klyonov, Ivan Selivanov, Major General Ernst Schacht, and People's Commissar of Ammunition Ivan Sergeyev, were sentenced to death by the Special Council.
The death toll at many prisoner-of-war camps was comparable to the largest Nazi concentration camps. [87] One of the largest camps was Dulag 131 in Bobruisk, where an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Red Army soldiers died. [88] There were relatively few guards [89] and the liberal use of firearms was encouraged by military superiors such as Hermann ...
The estimated death toll in Soviet prisons and camps between 1944 and 1953 was at least 14,000. [58] The estimated death toll among deportees between 1945 and 1958 was 20,000, including 5,000 children. [59] During the restoration of Lithuanian independence in 1990 and 1991, the Soviet army killed 13 people in Vilnius during the January Events. [60]
During the Red Terror, Berzin initiated the system of taking and shooting hostages to stop desertions and other "acts of disloyalty and sabotage". [52] [page needed] As chief of a special department of the Latvian Red Army (later the Russian 15th Army), Berzin played a part in the suppression of the Red sailors' uprising at Kronstadt in March ...
The toll was high: 20,000 Red Army soldiers died, plus several thousand Germans, Slovaks and Czechs. Under the pressure of the Soviet Baltic Offensive , the German Army Group North were withdrawn to fight in the sieges of Saaremaa , Courland and Memel .
The first use of the barrier troops by the Red Army occurred in the late summer and fall of 1918 in the Eastern front during the Russian Civil War, when Leon Trotsky authorized Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the commander of the 1st Army, to station blocking detachments behind unreliable Red Army infantry regiments in the 1st Red Army, with orders to ...
Sokolov states it as being closer to the true death toll than official statistics due to severe underreporting. [278] However, many of Russian historians, sociologists and publicists consider the data on the losses of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War, given in the publications of Sokolov, to be unreliable. [284]