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Init is a daemon process that continues running until the system is shut down. It is the direct or indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all orphaned processes . Init is started by the kernel during the booting process; a kernel panic will occur if the kernel is unable to start it, or it should die for any reason.
Historically this was the "SysV init", which was just called "init". More recent Linux distributions are likely to use one of the more modern alternatives such as systemd. Below is a summary of the main init processes: SysV init (a.k.a. simply "init") is similar to the Unix and BSD init processes, from which it
As an integrated software suite, systemd replaces the startup sequences and runlevels controlled by the traditional init daemon, along with the shell scripts executed under its control. systemd also integrates many other services that are common on Linux systems by handling user logins, the system console, device hotplugging (see udev ...
Linux distributions and other operating systems based on the Linux kernel which use Upstart as the default init system: Upstart is used in Google's ChromeOS and ChromiumOS. [8] Linux distributions that support or have supported Upstart to some extent, but moved away since or no longer use it as their default init system:
OpenRC is a dependency-based init system for Unix-like computer operating systems.It was created by Roy Marples, a NetBSD developer who was also active in the Gentoo project. [3] [4] It became more broadly adopted as an init system outside of Gentoo following the decision by some Linux distributions not to adopt systemd.
Instead, the system simply redefines the "parent PID" field in the child process's data to be the process that is the "ancestor" of every other process in the system, whose PID generally has the value of 1 (one), and whose name is traditionally "init" (except in the Linux kernel 3.4 and above [more info below]).
After the Linux kernel has booted, the /sbin/init program reads the /etc/inittab file to determine the behavior for each runlevel. Unless the user specifies another value as a kernel boot parameter , the system will attempt to enter (start) the default runlevel.
runit is an init and service management scheme for Unix-like Operating systems that initializes, supervises, and ends processes throughout the operating system. Runit is a reimplementation of the daemontools [3] process supervision toolkit that runs on many Linux-based operating systems, as well as BSD, and Solaris operating systems.