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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
The following are the non-pulmonic consonants.They are sounds whose airflow is not dependent on the lungs. These include clicks (found in the Khoisan languages and some neighboring Bantu languages of Africa), implosives (found in languages such as Sindhi, Hausa, Swahili and Vietnamese), and ejectives (found in many Amerindian and Caucasian languages).
The letters chosen for the IPA are meant to harmonize with the Latin alphabet. [note 7] For this reason, most letters are either Latin or Greek, or modifications thereof. Some letters are neither: for example, the letter denoting the glottal stop, ʔ , originally had the form of a question mark with the dot removed.
This is because the names of the letters, numbers, and symbols can be spelled out in normal English orthography in a way that makes the pronunciation unambiguous across dialects. For example, Dead on arrival (DOA) may be better explained as "(an initialism: D-O-A )" rather than as the equally correct but less accessible / ˌ d iː ˌ oʊ ˈ eɪ / .
In Russian, the letter has little use in loanwords and orthographic transcriptions of foreign words. A notable exception is the use of ля Russian pronunciation: to transcribe /la/, mostly from Romance languages, Polish, German and Arabic. This makes л to match better than its dark l pronunciation in ла .
Per the Manual of Style, respelling may only follow and augment a corresponding International Phonetic Alphabet template (e.g., {}) and may never be used in place of one. The template provides a link to a key so that readers may easily discover how to pronounce an easily mispronounced or difficult-to-pronounce word. For example:
Slavic languages: Polish, Belarusian, Old Czech, Serbo-Croatian; some speakers of Russian may use it instead of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate. a number of Northwest Caucasian languages have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization. Mandarin and other Sinitic languages.
The details vary by author, and depend on which letters are available for the language of the text. For instance, in a work written in Ukrainian, г may be used for (the voiced equivalent of х ), whereas in Russian texts, г is used for . This article follows common Russian usage.