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Failures may occur in each part, such as insulation failure, fallen or broken transmission lines, incorrect operation of circuit breakers, short circuits and open circuits. Protection devices are installed with the aims of protection of assets and ensuring continued supply of energy.
An overcurrent relay is a type of protective relay which operates when the load current exceeds a pickup value. It is of two types: instantaneous over current (IOC) relay and definite time overcurrent (DTOC) relay. The ANSI device number is 50 for an IOC relay or a DTOC relay. In a typical application, the over current relay is connected to a ...
In transmission line faults, roughly 5% - 10% are asymmetric line-to-line faults. [2] line-to-ground fault - a short circuit between one line and ground, very often caused by physical contact, for example due to lightning or other storm damage. In transmission line faults, roughly 65% - 70% are asymmetric line-to-ground faults. [2]
A thermal–magnetic circuit breaker, which is the type found in most distribution boards in Europe and countries with a similar wiring arrangement, incorporates both techniques with the electromagnet responding instantaneously to large surges in current (such as short circuits) and the bimetallic strip responding to lesser but longer-term over ...
Planar transmission lines are transmission lines with conductors, or in some cases dielectric strips, that are flat, ribbon-shaped lines. They are used to interconnect components on printed circuits and integrated circuits working at microwave frequencies because the planar type fits in well with the manufacturing methods for these components.
An HVDC converter station (or simply converter station) is a specialised type of substation which forms the terminal equipment for a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission line. [1] It converts direct current to alternating current or the reverse. In addition to the converter, the station usually contains:
He published his seminal paper Fault Protection with a Digital Computer [4] in 1969. Westinghouse developed the first digital relay with the Prodar 70 [5] being developed between 1969 and 1971. It was commissioned in service on a 230kV transmission line at PG&E's Tesla substation in February 1971 and was in service for six years. [6]
a double circuit transmission line; two generators; a bus bar. Non-credible (also called "out-of-range") contingencies are not used in planning, as they are rare and their effects are hard to predict, for example, failures of: [4] an entire electrical substation; a transmission tower that carries more than two lines.