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Solar radiation pressure strongly affects comet tails. Solar heating causes gases to be released from the comet nucleus, which also carry away dust grains. Radiation pressure and solar wind then drive the dust and gases away from the Sun's direction. The gases form a generally straight tail, while slower moving dust particles create a broader ...
In dosimetry, linear energy transfer (LET) is the amount of energy that an ionizing particle transfers to the material traversed per unit distance. It describes the action of radiation into matter. It is identical to the retarding force acting on a charged ionizing particle travelling through the matter. [ 1 ]
Let p i denote the probability that the system S is in a particular microstate, i, with energy E i. According to the fundamental postulate of statistical mechanics (which states that all attainable microstates of a system are equally probable), the probability p i will be inversely proportional to the number of microstates of the total closed ...
The grey atmosphere (or gray) is a useful set of approximations made for radiative transfer applications in studies of stellar atmospheres (atmospheres of stars) based on the simplified notion that the absorption coefficient of matter within a star's atmosphere is constant—that is, unchanging—for all frequencies of the star's incident radiation.
Radiative transfer (also called radiation transport) is the physical phenomenon of energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The propagation of radiation through a medium is affected by absorption , emission , and scattering processes.
Schwarzschild's equation can not be used without first specifying the temperature, pressure, and composition of the medium through which radiation is traveling. When these parameters are first measured with a radiosonde, the observed spectrum of the downward flux of thermal infrared (DLR) agrees closely with calculations and varies dramatically ...
where ρ is the density of the material, Z its atomic number, A its relative atomic mass, N A the Avogadro number and M u the Molar mass constant. In the figure to the right, the small circles are experimental results obtained from measurements of various authors, while the red curve is Bethe's formula. [ 4 ]
Second derivative of mean motion (decimal point assumed) [13] 00000-0 11: 54–61: B*, the drag term, or radiation pressure coefficient (decimal point assumed) [13]-11606-4 12: 63–63: Ephemeris type (always zero; only used in undistributed TLE data) [14] 0 13: 65–68: Element set number. Incremented when a new TLE is generated for this ...