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The Stanolind Recycling Plant was in operation as early 1947. [32] Another early recycling mill was Waste Techniques, built in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania in 1972. [citation needed] Waste Techniques was sold to Frank Keel in 1978, and resold to BFI in 1981. Woodbury, New Jersey, was the first city in the United States to mandate recycling. [33]
The history of bottle recycling in the United States has been characterized by four distinct stages. In the first stage, during the late 18th century and early 19th century, most bottles were reused or returned. [1] When bottles were mass-produced, people started throwing them out, which led to the introduction of bottle deposits. [2]
Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle" waste hierarchy. [2] [3] It promotes environmental sustainability by removing raw material input and redirecting waste output in the economic system. [4]
The first incinerator was built in Nottingham in 1874, despite initial opposition. New York City became the first U.S. city with public-sector garbage management in 1895. Early garbage removal trucks were horse-drawn, later evolving into motorized vehicles with hydraulic compactors by the 1930s.
The Resource Recovery Act of 1970 (RRA) was the first amendment to the SWDA. [9] The amendment called for increased government involvement in waste management, incited reduction of waste as well as recycling technology, and introduced criteria for disposal of hazardous waste. [8]
The first federal legislation addressing solid waste management was the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (SWDA) [1] that created a national office of solid waste. By the mid-1970s, all states had some type of solid waste management regulations.
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The recycling rate for beverage containers of all materials in 2011 was 82%. [10] California imposes sales tax on the CRV if the beverage is taxable. The sales tax is not refunded to consumers upon redeeming the empty containers to a recycling center. Some recycling centers have attracted drug activity and crimes.