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Many Babylonian deities, myths, and religious writings are singular to that culture; for example, the uniquely Babylonian deity, Marduk, replaced Enlil as the head of the mythological pantheon. The Enûma Eliš , a creation myth epic was an original Babylonian work.
In 1898, another scholar Morris Jastrow Jr. published The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. The book explores the gods, myths, and rituals at the heart of Babylonian and Assyrian culture, highlighting major deities such as Marduk, Ishtar, and Enlil. [7] It also discusses religious practices, including temple worship, sacrifices, and divination.
In a Late Babylonian god list, all the gods on the list were identified with Marduk. For example, Ninurta was Marduk of the pickaxe, Nabu was Marduk of accounting, Shamash was Marduk of justice and Tishpak was Marduk of the troops. [76] This "syncretistic tendency" is observed in other late texts, where the other gods appear as aspects of ...
Gad was the name of the pan-Semitic god of fortune, usually depicted as a male but sometimes as a female, [2] and is attested in ancient records of Aram and Arabia.God is also mentioned in the bible as a deity in the Book of Isaiah (Isaiah 65:11 – some translations simply call him (the god of) Fortune), as having been worshipped by a number of Hebrews during the Babylonian captivity. [3]
A god named Bel was the chief-god of Palmyra, Syria in pre-Hellenistic times, being worshipped alongside the gods Aglibol and Yarhibol. [3] Originally, he was known as Bol, [4] after the Northwestern Semitic word Ba'al [5] (usually used to refer to the god Hadad), until the cult of Bel-Marduk spread to Palmyra and by 213 BC, Bol was renamed to Bel. [4]
In the first millennium BCE Marduk became the supreme god in Babylonia, and some late sources omit Anu and Enlil altogether and state that Ea received his position from Marduk. [39] In some neo-Babylonian inscriptions Nabu's status was equal to that of Marduk. [39] In Assyria, Assur was regarded as the supreme god. [40]
Nabu was the patron god of scribes, literacy, and wisdom. [7] He was also the inventor of writing, a divine scribe, the patron god of the rational arts, and a god of vegetation. [8]: 33–34 [9] As the god of writing, Nabu inscribed the fates assigned to men and he was equated with the scribe god Ninurta.
"The men of Babylon made Succoth Benoth, the men of Cuthah made Nergal, the men of Hamath made Ashima, the Avvites made Nibhaz and Tartak, and the Sepharvites... Adrammelech and Anammelech." (2 Kings 17:30-31) [1] The Bible says that these deities were idols, although the Samaritans were not punished because they worshipped the God of the ...