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The effects of trimethoprim causes a backlog of dihydrofolate (DHF) and this backlog can work against the inhibitory effect the drug has on tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis. This is where the sulfamethoxazole comes in; its role is in depleting the excess DHF by preventing it from being synthesised in the first place. [14]
Trimethoprim (TMP) is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections. [1] Other uses include for middle ear infections and travelers' diarrhea. [1] With sulfamethoxazole or dapsone it may be used for Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS. [1] [2] It is taken orally (swallowed by mouth). [1]
Sulfamethoxazole is primarily renally excreted via glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. [8] About 20% of the sulfamethoxazole in urine is the unchanged drug, about 15–20% is the N-glucuronide conjugate, and about 50–70 % is the acetylated metabolite. [11] Sulfamethoxazole is also excreted in human milk. [8]
A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor (DHFR inhibitor) is a molecule that inhibits the function of dihydrofolate reductase, and is a type of antifolate.. Since folate is needed by rapidly dividing cells to make thymine, this effect may be used to therapeutic advantage.
Certain sulfonamides (sulfadiazine or sulfamethoxazole) are sometimes mixed with the drug trimethoprim, which acts against dihydrofolate reductase. As of 2013, the Republic of Ireland is the largest exporter worldwide of sulfonamides, accounting for approximately 32% of total exports. [16]
Dihydropteroate synthase inhibitors are drugs that inhibit the action of dihydropteroate synthase.They include sulfonamides, dapsone, and para-aminosalicylic acid. [1] ...
A combination antibiotic is one in which two ingredients are added together for additional therapeutic effect. [1] One or both ingredients may be antibiotics. [1]Antibiotic combinations are increasingly important because of antimicrobial resistance. [2]
Staphylococcus saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone such as to be alone norfloxacin. [3] It has also been shown to be susceptible to ampicillin & ceftriaxone. [9]