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Opioid-induced endocrinopathy (OIE) is a complication of chronic opioid treatment. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is a common name for all hypothalamo-pituitary axis disorders, which can be observed mostly after long term use of opioids, both as a treatment and as a substance of abuse .
Different drug classes have different side effects. Long-term medical conditions induced by opioid include infection, hyperalgesia, opioid-induced bowel syndrome, opioid-related leukoencephalopathy and opioid amnestic syndrome. [32] Misuse of prescribed opioids medications is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. [37]
The "CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain-United States, 2022" provides recommendations related to opioid misuse, OUD, and opioid overdoses. [18] It reports a lack of clinical evidence that "abuse-deterrent" opioids (e.g., OxyContin), as labeled by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration , are effective for OUD risk ...
Foods that may help manage chronic pain. The study observed that women who consumed more “core” foods—such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and grains—reported lower pain levels.
Evidence suggests that mental health can be a significant facilitator for opioid abuse. [28] Given that opioids are prescribed for pain management, mental health disorders, such as depression, have been shown to increase use of opioids when treating conditions associated with chronic pain. [28]
The opioid epidemic took hold in the U.S. in the 1990s. Percocet, OxyContin and Opana became commonplace wherever chronic pain met a chronic lack of access to quality health care, especially in Appalachia. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls the prescription opioid epidemic the worst of its kind in U.S. history.
This randomized clinical trial, included 250 participants with both chronic pain and opioid misuse. It was reported that participants receiving MORE showed significant improvement in and opioid misusing and pain symptoms, and sustained reductions in emotional distress, and opioid craving compared to those on supportive psychotherapy.
The opioid epidemic affects women and men differently. [28] For instance, women are more likely than men to report recent and non-recent prescription opioid use. [29] Women are also more likely to have chronic pain than men are. [30] In cases of domestic abuse and rape, women are prescribed pain medicine more than men. [30]