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Frequency. One in 100 people (1%) worldwide [ 9 ][ 10 ] Autism, also called autism spectrum disorder[ a ] (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of deficient reciprocal social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive, and inflexible patterns of behavior. Autism generally affects a person's ability to ...
Disorders formerly considered distinct, but now diagnosed as autism spectrum disorder, include: Asperger syndrome – a previously diagnosed form of autism often applied to people with a higher IQ who can have a less difficult time communicating with others and understanding concepts or phrases than other individuals with more severe autism.
According to the DSM-5-TR (2022), in order to receive a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, one must present with "persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction" and "restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities." [3] These behaviors must begin in early childhood and affect one's ability to ...
Epidemiology of autism. The epidemiology of autism is the study of the incidence and distribution of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A 2022 systematic review of global prevalence of autism spectrum disorders found a median prevalence of 1% in children in studies published from 2012 to 2021, with a trend of increasing prevalence over time.
The history of autism spans over a century; [ 1 ] autism has been subject to varying treatments, being pathologized or being viewed as a beneficial part of human neurodiversity. [ 2 ] The understanding of autism has been shaped by cultural, scientific, and societal factors, and its perception and treatment change over time as scientific ...
The pathophysiology of autism is the study of the physiological processes that cause or are otherwise associated with autism spectrum disorders. Autism's symptoms result from maturation-related changes in various systems of the brain. [1] How autism occurs is not yet well understood. Its mechanism can be divided into two areas: the ...
The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) is a standardized diagnostic test for assessing autism spectrum disorder. The protocol consists of a series of structured and semi-structured tasks that involve social interaction between the examiner and the person under assessment. The examiner observes and identifies aspects of the subject's ...
The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is a structured interview conducted with the parents of individuals who have been referred for the evaluation of possible autism or autism spectrum disorders. The interview, used by researchers and clinicians for decades, can be used for diagnostic purposes for anyone with a mental age of at least ...