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  2. Erdős–Szekeres theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdős–Szekeres_theorem

    For r = 3 and s = 2, the formula tells us that any permutation of three numbers has an increasing subsequence of length three or a decreasing subsequence of length two. Among the six permutations of the numbers 1,2,3: 1,2,3 has an increasing subsequence consisting of all three numbers; 1,3,2 has a decreasing subsequence 3,2

  3. Monotonic function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotonic_function

    In calculus, a function defined on a subset of the real numbers with real values is called monotonic if it is either entirely non-decreasing, or entirely non-increasing. [2] That is, as per Fig. 1, a function that increases monotonically does not exclusively have to increase, it simply must not decrease.

  4. Discontinuities of monotone functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discontinuities_of...

    For a monotone function , let mean that is monotonically non-decreasing and let mean that is monotonically non-increasing. Let f : [ a , b ] → R {\displaystyle f:[a,b]\to \mathbb {R} } is a monotone function and let D {\displaystyle D} denote the set of all points d ∈ [ a , b ] {\displaystyle d\in [a,b]} in the domain of f {\displaystyle f ...

  5. Absolutely and completely monotonic functions and sequences

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutely_and_completely...

    In the case of a completely monotonic function, the function and its derivatives must be alternately non-negative and non-positive in its domain of definition which would imply that function and its derivatives are alternately monotonically increasing and monotonically decreasing functions.

  6. Monotone convergence theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotone_convergence_theorem

    The theorem states that if you have an infinite matrix of non-negative real numbers , such that the rows are weakly increasing and each is bounded , where the bounds are summable < then, for each column, the non decreasing column sums , are bounded hence convergent, and the limit of the column sums is equal to the sum of the "limit column ...

  7. Concave function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concave_function

    The sum of two concave functions is itself concave and so is the pointwise minimum of two concave functions, i.e. the set of concave functions on a given domain form a semifield. Near a strict local maximum in the interior of the domain of a function, the function must be concave; as a partial converse, if the derivative of a strictly concave ...

  8. Dini's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dini's_theorem

    [2] This is one of the few situations in mathematics where pointwise convergence implies uniform convergence; the key is the greater control implied by the monotonicity. The limit function must be continuous, since a uniform limit of continuous functions is necessarily continuous.

  9. Sequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence

    If a sequence is either increasing or decreasing it is called a monotone sequence. This is a special case of the more general notion of a monotonic function. The terms nondecreasing and nonincreasing are often used in place of increasing and decreasing in order to avoid any possible confusion with strictly increasing and strictly decreasing ...