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One of Pavlov’s dogs with a saliva-catch container and tube surgically implanted in its muzzle, Pavlov Museum, 2005. The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Ancient Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, with Aristotle (384–322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304–258 BCE) one of the first documented to perform experiments on nonhuman animals. [1]
[10]: 2 When examining animal remains, it is common that there are bones that are too small or too damaged to be able to accurately identify it. [10]: 3 Archaeological context can be used to help with assumptions about species identification. [10]: 3 Skeletal classification is the other half of properly identifying animal remains.
Originally, as narrated in a recent history of the field, [2] physiology focused primarily on human beings, in large part from a desire to improve medical practices. When physiologists first began comparing different species it was sometimes out of simple curiosity to understand how organisms work but also stemmed from a desire to discover basic physiological principles.
The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of biology as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century, the biological sciences emerged from traditions of medicine and natural history reaching back to Ayurveda, ancient Egyptian medicine and the works of Aristotle, Theophrastus and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world.
The History of Animals contains a large number of eye-witness observations, in particular of marine biology, in sharp contrast to Plato's "symbolic zoology". Aristotle's style and precision can be seen in the passage where he discusses the behaviour and anatomy of the cephalopods, mentioning the use of ink against predators , camouflage , and ...
Page of one of the first works of Biomechanics (De Motu Animalium of Giovanni Alfonso Borelli) in the 17th centuryBiomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, [1] using the methods of mechanics. [2]
This article considers the history of zoology since the theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859. Charles Darwin gave new direction to morphology and physiology , by uniting them in a common biological theory: the theory of organic evolution.
This was the last major animal to be tamed as a source of milk, meat, power, and leather in the Old World. Lascaux aurochs, Stone Age [2] 3500 BC. Sumerian animal-drawn wheeled vehicles and plows were developed in Mesopotamia, the region called the "Fertile Crescent." Irrigation was probably done using animal power.