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Heart sounds of a ventricular septal defect in a 14-year-old girl. A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a defect in the ventricular septum, the wall dividing the left and right ventricles of the heart. The extent of the opening may vary from pin size to complete absence of the ventricular septum, creating one common ventricle.
As the size of the VSD increases, though, symptoms tend to get more severe and present earlier on in life. But what sort of symptoms? Well as blood is shunted to the right side, blood volume increases on the right side, might lead patients to develop pulmonary hypertension, or higher pressures on the pulmonary side.
A variety of different classifications have been used, but the defects are usefully divided into "partial" and "complete" forms. In the partial AVSD, there is a small or partial defect in the interventricular septum, and a primum atrial septal defect , which is a moderate or large connection between the atria, often featuring mitral valve ...
Eisenmenger syndrome or Eisenmenger's syndrome is defined as the process in which a long-standing left-to-right cardiac shunt caused by a congenital heart defect (typically by a ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, or less commonly, patent ductus arteriosus) causes pulmonary hypertension [1] [2] and eventual reversal of the shunt into a cyanotic right-to-left shunt.
Heart sounds of a ventricular septal defect patient. The condition consists of atresia affecting the pulmonary valve and a hypoplastic right ventricular outflow tract. The ventricular septal defect doesn't impede the in and outflowing of blood in the ventricular septum, which helps it form during fetal life. [3] [5]
Similarly, in systemic hypertension, the left ventricle must work harder to overcome the higher pressures of the vascular system and responds by thickening to deal with increased wall stress. [4] Concentric hypertrophy is characterized by an addition of sarcomeres (the contractile units of cardiac cells) in parallel. The result is an increase ...
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In addition, hypertension precedes heart failure in 90% of cases, [7] and the majority of heart failure in the elderly may be attributable to hypertension. [17] Hypertensive heart disease was estimated to be responsible for 1.0 million deaths worldwide in 2004 (or approximately 1.7% of all deaths globally), and was ranked 13th in the leading ...