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Abiotic pollination uses nonliving methods such as wind and water to move pollen from one flower to another. This allows the plant to spend energy directly on pollen rather than on attracting pollinators with flowers and nectar. Pollination by wind is more common amongst abiotic pollination.
This leads to shifts in pollination syndromes and to some genera having a high diversity of pollination syndromes among species, suggesting that pollinators are a primary selective force driving diversity and speciation. [5] [6] Ophrys apifera is an orchid species that has a highly evolved plant-pollinator relationship. This specific species ...
Anthecology, or pollination biology, is the study of pollination as well as the relationships between flowers and their pollinators. [1]: 8 Floral biology is a bigger field that includes these studies. Most flowering plants, or angiosperms, are pollinated by animals, and especially by insects. [2]
Short-term interactions, including predation and pollination, are extremely important in ecology and evolution. These are short-lived in terms of the duration of a single interaction: a predator kills and eats a prey; a pollinator transfers pollen from one flower to another; but they are extremely durable in terms of their influence on the ...
Self-pollination is the pollination of the carpel of a flower by pollen from either the same flower or another flower on the same plant, [48] leading to the creation of a genetic clone through asexual reproduction. This increases the reliability of producing seeds, the rate at which they can be produced, and lowers the amount energy needed. [84]
Baltimore Checkerspot (Euphydryas phaeton) nectaring at daisy (Argyranthemum)Pollination syndromes are suites of flower traits that have evolved in response to natural selection imposed by different pollen vectors, which can be abiotic (wind and water) or biotic, such as birds, bees, flies, and so forth through a process called pollinator-mediated selection.
Diagram of the six possible types of symbiotic relationship, from mutual benefit to mutual harm. The definition of symbiosis was a matter of debate for 130 years. [7] In 1877, Albert Bernhard Frank used the term symbiosis to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens.
The process of allogamy involves two types of external pollinating agents, known as abiotic agents and biotic agents. The abiotic agents are water and wind. The biotic agents are insects and animals, which include bees, butterflies, snails, and birds. Wind pollination is referred to as anemophily, and water pollination is referred to as ...