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The main habitat is in shallow lowland freshwaters. The spot-billed pelican is not migratory but are known to make local movements and are more widely distributed in the non-breeding season. Nesting along with painted storks. This species is a colonial breeder, often breeding in the company of other waterbirds.
American White Pelican surveys have been conducted every year since 1972. These surveys estimate the number of breeding adults in the colony at Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge. Starting in 1928, pelicans have been banded, and these same birds have been found as far as Florida, California, and many Gulf Coast States.
The nest is a moderately-sized pile of grass, reeds, sticks, and feathers, usually measuring about 1 m (3.3 ft) deep and 63 cm (25 in) across. Nests are usually located on or near the ground, often being placed on dense floating vegetation. Nests tend to be flimsy until cemented together by droppings.
The location of the breeding colony is constrained by the availability of an ample supply of fish to eat, although pelicans can use thermals to soar and commute for hundreds of kilometres daily to fetch food. [55] The Australian pelican has two reproductive strategies depending on the local degree of environmental predictability.
A bird colony is a large congregation of individuals of one or more species of bird that nest or roost in proximity at a particular location. Many kinds of birds are known to congregate in groups of varying size; a congregation of nesting birds is called a breeding colony.
The breeding colony at Lake Rukwa, Tanzania is the largest known breeding colony in Africa, followed by the Lake Shala, Ethiopia colony which is probably of crucial importance to the species in Africa. [20] The African population of about 75,000 pairs of the great white pelican is resident. [21]
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In the breeding season, both sexes grow a laterally flattened keratinous "horn" on the upper bill, located about one-third the bill's length behind the tip. This is the only one of the eight species of pelican to have a bill "horn". The horn is shed after the birds have mated and laid their eggs.