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The metabolism of caffeine is reduced in pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, and the half-life of caffeine during pregnancy can be increased up to 15 hours (as compared to 2.5 to 4.5 hours in non-pregnant adults). [79] Evidence regarding the effects of caffeine on pregnancy and for breastfeeding are inconclusive. [26]
The health effects of coffee include various possible health benefits and health risks. [ 1 ] A 2017 umbrella review of meta-analyses found that drinking coffee is generally safe within usual levels of intake and is more likely to improve health outcomes than to cause harm at doses of 3 or 4 cups of coffee daily.
Caffeine dependence can cause a host of physiological effects if caffeine consumption is not maintained. Commonly known caffeine withdrawal symptoms include headaches, fatigue, loss of focus, lack of motivation, mood swings, nausea, insomnia, dizziness, cardiac issues, hypertension, anxiety, and backache and joint pain; these can range in severity from mild to severe. [18]
On the one hand, caffeine effects appear to be detrimental to short-term memory, working memory included, whereas the effects are somewhat positive for memory over the long term (for example, remembering something better many days later if caffeine was ingested during encoding as well as retrieval, as opposed to no caffeine [7]). Many of the ...
Some have positive results; some experience no change, and others have some negative effects. The potential benefits of caffeine are increased focus and reaction time, reduced perceived effort ...
A French court found all 51 defendants guilty on Thursday in a mass rape case including Dominique Pelicot, who repeatedly drugged his then wife, Gisele, and allowed dozens of strangers into the ...
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The two primary methods are testing for the female pregnancy hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)) in blood or urine using a pregnancy test kit, and scanning with ultrasonography. [1] Testing blood for hCG results in the earliest detection of pregnancy. [2] Almost all pregnant women will have a positive urine pregnancy test one week ...