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Haem is converted into unconjugated bilirubin then conjugated bilirubin. Conjugated bilirubin is then secreted along with bile into the intestine and is either excreted in faeces as urobilinogen or reabsorbed into blood and transported back to the liver. The varied causes of hyperbilirubinemia are best understood from bilirubin metabolism.
Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels. [3] [6] Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. [7]
Depending on the type of hereditary hyperbilirubinemia, symptoms can be worsened when an additional cause of increased red blood cell turnover occurs, as these patients have a decreased ability to process bilirubin. Elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin is neurotoxic and can cause damage to the brain, called bilirubin encephalopathy which ...
Intrahepatic causes can be associated with elevated levels of conjugated bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin or both. [21] They include: [21] Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, where the newborn's liver is not able to properly process the bilirubin causing jaundice; Hepatocellular disease Viral infections (hepatitis A, B, and C) Chronic alcohol use
Treatment of the condition is specific to the cause of hemolysis, but intense phototherapy and exchange transfusion can be used to help the patient excrete accumulated bilirubin. [11] Complications related to hemolytic jaundice include hyperbilirubinemia and chronic bilirubin encephalopathy, which may be deadly without proper treatment. [12] [13]
The high bilirubin levels indicated that something was wrong with his liver, Graziadei said, and following an ultrasound and visits with other doctors, he was eventually diagnosed with Gilbert ...
Kernicterus is a bilirubin-induced brain dysfunction. [1] The term was coined in 1904 by Christian Georg Schmorl.Bilirubin is a naturally occurring substance in the body of humans and many other animals, but it is neurotoxic when its concentration in the blood is too high, a condition known as hyperbilirubinemia.
Marilyn Monroe is iconic for her blonde curls, red lips, and perfect beauty mark, but the star was shockingly unrecognizable at the time of her death. According to the two morticians, who prepared ...