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Employee motivation is an intrinsic and internal drive to put forth the necessary effort and action towards work-related activities. It has been broadly defined as the "psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behavior in an organisation, a person's level of effort and a person's level of persistence". [1]
A new approach to work motivation is the idea of Work Engagement or "A conception of motivation whereby individuals are physically immersed in emotionally and intellectually fulfilling work." [23] This theory draws on many aspects of I/O Psychology. This theory proposes that motivation taps into energy where it allows a person to focus on a task.
Work engagement is the "harnessing of organization member's selves to their work roles: in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, emotionally and mentally during role performances". [1]: 694 Three aspects of work motivation are cognitive, emotional and physical engagement. [2]
Mnemonic device for the two theories: a person refusing to work ("X") and a person cheering the opportunity to work ("Y") Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human work motivation and management. They were created by Douglas McGregor while he was working at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s ...
A common distinction among theories of motivation is between content theories and process theories. Content theories attempt to identify and describe the internal factors that motivate people, such as different types of needs, drives, and desires. They examine which goals motivate people.
Work motivation reflects the energy an individual applies "to initiate work-related behavior, and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration" [111] Understanding what motivates an organization's employees is central to I-O psychology. Motivation is generally thought of as a theoretical construct that fuels behavior.
Call centre work is often characterised by restricted working conditions such as low autonomy, low task variety, and short task cycles. [9] Consequently, turnover rates in call centres tend to be very high. [9] Hackman & Oldham's (1976) [10] job characteristics model is generally considered to be the dominant motivational theory of work design. [1]
Workplace creativity is defined as new, useful, and valuable services, ideas, processes, or products that were created by individuals in the workplace. [40] Creativity in the workplace has been linked to increased positive affect in employees. [41] Tavares found that creative workplaces lead to employees feeling that their work was meaningful.