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In Pakistan, Pashto speakers who are not literate in their mother tongue often use Urdu alphabets. The main differences between the two are as follows: [12] [13] Word-final -y sound is denoted by ے letter in Pakistan and dotless ی letter in Afghanistan. Word-final -i sound is denoted by ي letter in
The chart below explains how Wikipedia represents Pashto pronunciations with the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters. See Pashto phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Pashto.
Pashto syllable structure can be summarized as follows; parentheses enclose optional components: (C 1 C 2 (C 3)) (S 1) V (S 2) (C 4 (C 5)); Pashto syllable structure consists of an optional syllable onset, consisting of one or two consonants; an obligatory syllable nucleus, consisting of a vowel optionally preceded by and/or followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, consisting of ...
As noted by Josef Elfenbein, "Loanwords have been traced in Pashto as far back as the third century B.C., and include words from Greek and probably Old Persian". [87] For instance, Georg Morgenstierne notes the Pashto word مېچن mečə́n i.e. a hand-mill as being derived from the Ancient Greek word μηχανή (mēkhanḗ, i.e. a device). [88]
It should not be used for representing non-English words or an approximation thereof. Sometimes another means of indicating a pronunciation is more desirable than this respelling system, such as when a name is intended to be a homonym of an existing English word or phrase, or in case of an initialism or a name composed of numbers or symbols.
Google Translate is a web-based free-to-use translation service developed by Google in April 2006. [12] It translates multiple forms of texts and media such as words, phrases and webpages. Originally, Google Translate was released as a statistical machine translation (SMT) service. [12]
A more localized sound change is the backing of the former retroflex fricative ṣ̌ [ʂ], to x̌ [x] or to x [χ], found in the Shughni–Yazgulyam branch and certain dialects of Pashto. E.g. "meat": ɡu ṣ̌ t in Wakhi and γwa ṣ̌ a in Southern Pashto, but changes to gu x t in Shughni, γwa x̌ a in Central and Northern Pashto.
Dari and Pashto serve as the two main official languages whereas English and Urdu also remain popular. Dari historically served as the lingua franca between different ethnic groups in the region. Dari is spoken by over 75% of the population in Afghanistan, followed by Pashto 48%, Uzbek 11%, English 6%, Turkmen 3%, Urdu 3%, Pashayi 1%, Nuristani ...