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Noteworthy, the diagnosis of mycetoma in non-endemic or low endemic areas as Europe and North Africa is challenging. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Physicians in these areas are usually unfamiliar with the disease-specific manifestations and need to exercise extra vigilance regarding those patients who are at high risk of contracting mycetoma infections. [ 7 ]
Sinuses and brain, lung, stomach and intestine, skin, disseminated, miscellaneous [8] Causes: Fungi of the Mucorales type [8] Risk factors: Diabetes, iron overload, low white cells, cancer, organ transplant, kidney problems, immunosuppressants, long-term steroids [7] Diagnostic method: Biopsy, culture, medical imaging [5] Differential diagnosis
Mycoses are caused by certain fungi; yeasts, molds and some fungi that can exist as both a mold and yeast. [3] [6] They are everywhere and infection occurs after spores are either breathed in, come into contact with skin or enter the body through the skin such as via a cut, wound or injection. [3]
Cutaneous actinomycosis is a chronic disease that affects the deep subcutaneous tissue of the skin. Caused by an anaerobic, Gram-positive, filamentous type of bacteria in the genus Actinomyces, [1]: 270 invasion of the soft tissue leads to the formation of abnormal channels leading to the skin surface (external sinus tracts) that discharge pale yellow sulfur granules.
Chromoblastomycosis is a long-term fungal infection of the skin [2] and subcutaneous tissue (a chronic subcutaneous mycosis). [3] It can be caused by many different types of fungi which become implanted under the skin, often by thorns or splinters. [4] Chromoblastomycosis spreads very slowly. [citation needed]
Skin: subcutaneous nodule or cyst [2] Brain: neurogical symptoms [3] Causes: Breathing in or entry via a cut in the skin of dark filamentous fungi [3] Diagnostic method: Histology, culture, PCR [4] Differential diagnosis: Aspergillosis, chromoblastomycosis, cryptococcosis, mycetoma [3] Treatment: Surgical debridement/drainage, antifungals [3 ...
There may be no symptoms, [4] or talaromycosis may present with small painless skin lesions. [2] The head and neck are most often affected. [2] Other features include: fever, general discomfort, weight loss, cough, difficulty breathing, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, swelling of the spleen (splenomegaly), liver swelling (hepatomegaly), swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), [2] and anemia.
The disease results from direct entry of the fungus through broken skin such as an insect bite or trauma, or eating contaminated food. [1] [3] It generally affects people who are well. [2] Diagnosis is by medical imaging, biopsy, microscopy, culture and histopathology. [2] Treatment usually involves amphotericin B and surgery. [3] [4]