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For example, in mortgage lending in the United States, a debt-to-income ratio typically includes the cost of mortgage payments as well as insurance and property tax, divided by a consumer's monthly income. A "front-end ratio" of 28% or below, together with a "back-end ratio" (including required payments on non-housing debt as well) of 36% or ...
In economics and accounting, the cost of capital is the cost of a company's funds (both debt and equity), or from an investor's point of view is "the required rate of return on a portfolio company's existing securities". [1]
Global debt reached over $300 trillion in US Dollars by 2021. Global debt refers to the total amount of money owed by all sectors, including governments, businesses, and households worldwide. [1] As of 2022, global debt was the equivalent of 305 trillion USD. This including debt by both public and private debtors. [2]
The export of labour, that is the sending of Vietnamese workers to work in other countries, is also key to the Vietnamese economy, with much of their earnings being sent back to Vietnam. This labour export was disrupted due to the Covid pandemic , however by 2022, Vietnam hopes to send 90,000 workers abroad.
A country's gross government debt (also called public debt or sovereign debt [1]) is the financial liabilities of the government sector. [2]: 81 Changes in government debt over time reflect primarily borrowing due to past government deficits. [3] A deficit occurs when a government's expenditures exceed revenues.
Debt also leads to a lower credit score and may have effects on mental health. The amount of debt outstanding versus the consumer's disposable income is expressed as the consumer leverage ratio. On a monthly basis, this debt ratio is advised to be no more than 20 percent of an individual's take-home pay. [2]
For example, the manufacturing cost of a car (i.e., the costs of buying inputs, land tax rates for the car plant, overhead costs of running the plant and labor costs) reflects the private cost for the manufacturer (in some ways, normal profit can also be seen as a cost of production; see, e.g., Ison and Wall, 2007, p. 181).