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The term linear polarization (French: polarisation rectiligne) was coined by Augustin-Jean Fresnel in 1822. [1] See polarization and plane of polarization for more information. The orientation of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave is defined by the direction of the electric field vector. [ 2 ]
the low overpotential region (called "polarization resistance", i.e., when E ≈ E eq), where the Butler–Volmer equation simplifies to: = (); the high overpotential region, where the Butler–Volmer equation simplifies to the Tafel equation.
Tafel plot for an anodic process (). The Tafel equation is an equation in electrochemical kinetics relating the rate of an electrochemical reaction to the overpotential. [1] The Tafel equation was first deduced experimentally and was later shown to have a theoretical justification.
Optical rotation, also known as polarization rotation or circular birefringence, is the rotation of the orientation of the plane of polarization about the optical axis of linearly polarized light as it travels through certain materials.
That is, the polarization is a convolution of the electric field at previous times with time-dependent susceptibility given by (). The upper limit of this integral can be extended to infinity as well if one defines χ e ( Δ t ) = 0 {\displaystyle \chi _{\text{e}}(\Delta t)=0} for Δ t < 0 {\displaystyle \Delta t<0} .
For example, a cellular telephone tower has a fixed linear polarization, but the mobile handset must function well at any arbitrary orientation. Therefore, a handset design might provide dual polarization receive on the handset so that captured energy is maximized regardless of orientation, or the designer might use a circularly polarized ...
The first two diagrams below trace the electric field vector over a complete cycle for linear polarization at two different orientations; these are each considered a distinct state of polarization (SOP). The linear polarization at 45° can also be viewed as the addition of a horizontally linearly polarized wave (as in the leftmost figure) and a ...
The linear permittivity of a homogeneous material is usually given relative to that of free space, as a relative permittivity ε r (also called dielectric constant, although this term is deprecated and sometimes only refers to the static, zero-frequency relative permittivity).