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The electric dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges within a system: that is, a measure of the system's overall polarity. The SI unit for electric dipole moment is the coulomb-metre (C⋅m). The debye (D) is another unit of measurement used in atomic physics and chemistry.
Kane made important early contributions to the study of the Higgs bosons, including an upper limit on the Higgs boson mass, [4] implications of electric dipole moments, the muon g-2 experiment, the study of dark matter and its detection, [5] and to early supergravity [6] and string theory phenomenology. With collaborators he pointed out the ...
The size of the induced dipole moment is equal to the product of the strength of the external field and the dipole polarizability of ρ. Dipole moment values can be obtained from measurement of the dielectric constant. Some typical gas phase values given with the unit debye are: [7] carbon dioxide: 0; carbon monoxide: 0.112 D; ozone: 0.53 D
Within the Standard Model, such a dipole is predicted to be non-zero but very small, at most 10 −38 e⋅cm, [2] where e stands for the elementary charge. The discovery of a substantially larger electron electric dipole moment would imply a violation of both parity invariance and time reversal invariance. [3] [4]
The moment of force, or torque, is a first moment: =, or, more generally, .; Similarly, angular momentum is the 1st moment of momentum: =.Momentum itself is not a moment.; The electric dipole moment is also a 1st moment: = for two opposite point charges or () for a distributed charge with charge density ().
His first major scientific contribution was the application of the concept of dipole moment to the charge distribution in asymmetric molecules in 1912, developing equations relating dipole moments to temperature and dielectric constant. In consequence, the units of molecular dipole moments are termed debyes in his honor.
The transition dipole moment is useful for determining if transitions are allowed under the electric dipole interaction. For example, the transition from a bonding π {\displaystyle \pi } orbital to an antibonding π ∗ {\displaystyle \pi ^{*}} orbital is allowed because the integral defining the transition dipole moment is nonzero.
In particular, it would hold in the limit where the distance between the charges is decreased to zero while maintaining the dipole moment – that is, it would hold for an electric dipole. But if the theorem holds for an electric dipole, then it will also hold for a magnetic dipole, since the (static) force/energy equations take the same form ...