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Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes
Chloride cycle dealkalizers operate similar to sodium cycle cation water softeners. Like water softeners, dealkalizers contain ion-exchange resins that are regenerated with a concentrated salt solution - NaCl. In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as ...
Water softeners are usually regenerated with brine containing 10% sodium chloride. [7] Aside from the soluble chloride salts of divalent cations removed from the softened water, softener regeneration wastewater contains the unused 50–70% of the sodium chloride regeneration flushing brine required to reverse ion-exchange resin equilibria.
Step 3: Attach a water hose to the drain valve at the bottom of your water heater and run the hose outside or into a nearby drain. You can use any generic hose for this step, and a garden hose ...
Spent backwash water is either discharged without treatment to a sanitary sewer system or is treated and recycled within the plant. [4]: 22.37–22.40 Historically, backwash water was discharged directly to surface water supplies; however, direct discharge is now highly regulated through NPDES discharge permits and is often discouraged.
In some countries, especially those in Europe, dishwashers include a built-in water softener that removes calcium and magnesium ions from the water. Dishwasher salt, which is coarse-grained sodium chloride , is used to regenerate the resin in the built-in ion-exchange system. The coarse grains prevent it from clogging the softener unit.