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The high blood pressure is gradual at early stages and may take at least 10–15 years to fully develop. Besides diabetes, other factors that may also increase high blood pressure include obesity, insulin resistance and high cholesterol levels. In general, fewer than 25 percent of diabetics have good control of their blood pressure.
Stage 2 hypertension is between 160 and 179 mmHg on the systolic side, and between 100 and 109 on the diastolic side. And finally, stage 3 hypertension is anything over 180 mmHg on the systolic side and 110 mmHg on the diastolic side. Typically both systolic and diastolic pressures tend to climb or fall together, but that’s not always the case.
Rates also vary markedly within regions with country-level rates as low as 22.8% (men) and 18.4% (women) in Peru and as high as 61.6% (men) and 50.9% (women) in Paraguay. [10] In 1995 it was estimated that 24% of the United States population had hypertension or were taking antihypertensive medication. [160]
Both high systolic pressure and high pulse pressure (the numerical difference between systolic and diastolic pressures) are risk factors. [49] Elevated pulse pressure has been found to be a stronger independent predictor of cardiovascular events, especially in older populations, than has systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressure.
The health care provider usually takes 2–3 readings at several medical appointments to diagnose high blood pressure. [40] Using the results of the blood pressure test, the health care provider will diagnose prehypertension or high blood pressure if: For an adult, systolic or diastolic readings are consistently higher than 120/80 mmHg.
If the systolic blood pressure is elevated (>140) with a normal (<90) diastolic blood pressure (DBP), it is called isolated systolic hypertension. [2] Eighty percent of people with systolic hypertension are over the age of 65 years old. [3] Isolated systolic hypertension is a specific type of widened (or high) pulse pressure.
The term can be used to describe when people have blood pressure measurements that abruptly fluctuate from being abnormally high, approximately 140/90mm Hg or over and returns to its normal range. [1] Patients who have labile hypertension may have higher cardiac output and lower total peripheral resistance than others. [2]
Pulse pressure is calculated as the difference between the systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure. [3] [4]The systemic pulse pressure is approximately proportional to stroke volume, or the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole (pump action) and inversely proportional to the compliance (similar to elasticity) of the aorta.