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Hill's cipher machine, from figure 4 of the patent. In classical cryptography, the Hill cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher based on linear algebra.Invented by Lester S. Hill in 1929, it was the first polygraphic cipher in which it was practical (though barely) to operate on more than three symbols at once.
For example, the six most common letters in English (23%) represent approximately half of English plaintext, but it takes only the most frequent 8% of the 676 digrams to achieve the same potency. In addition, even in a plaintext many thousands of characters long, one would expect that nearly half of the digrams would not occur, or only barely.
Lester S. Hill (1891–1961) was an American mathematician and educator who was interested in applications of mathematics to communications.He received a bachelor's degree (1911) and a master's degree (1913) from Columbia College and a Ph.D. from Yale University (1926).
The part B challenges are intended to be harder. These begin with relatively simple substitution ciphers, including the Bacon cipher and Polybius square, before moving on to transposition ciphers, Playfair ciphers and polyalphabetic ciphers such as the Vigenère cipher, the Autokey cipher and the Alberti cipher.
In cryptography, unicity distance is the length of an original ciphertext needed to break the cipher by reducing the number of possible spurious keys to zero in a brute force attack. That is, after trying every possible key , there should be just one decipherment that makes sense, i.e. expected amount of ciphertext needed to determine the key ...
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Coincidences involving the letter E, for example, are relatively likely. So when any two English texts are compared, the coincidence count will be higher than when an English text and a foreign-language text are used. This effect can be subtle. For example, similar languages will have a higher coincidence count than dissimilar languages.
Get ready for all of the NYT 'Connections’ hints and answers for #124 on Friday, October 13, 2023. Connections game on Friday, October 13, 2023 The New York Times