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Seq2seq RNN encoder-decoder with attention mechanism, training Seq2seq RNN encoder-decoder with attention mechanism, training and inferring The attention mechanism is an enhancement introduced by Bahdanau et al. in 2014 to address limitations in the basic Seq2Seq architecture where a longer input sequence results in the hidden state output of ...
The fundamental principle of ECC is to add redundant bits in order to help the decoder to find out the true message that was encoded by the transmitter. The code-rate of a given ECC system is defined as the ratio between the number of information bits and the total number of bits (i.e., information plus redundancy bits) in a given communication ...
Reed & Solomon (1960) described a theoretical decoder that corrected errors by finding the most popular message polynomial. The decoder only knows the set of values to and which encoding method was used to generate the codeword's sequence of values. The original message, the polynomial, and any errors are unknown.
To convolutionally encode data, start with k memory registers, each holding one input bit.Unless otherwise specified, all memory registers start with a value of 0. The encoder has n modulo-2 adders (a modulo 2 adder can be implemented with a single Boolean XOR gate, where the logic is: 0+0 = 0, 0+1 = 1, 1+0 = 1, 1+1 = 0), and n generator polynomials — one for each adder (see figure below).
One encoder-decoder block A Transformer is composed of stacked encoder layers and decoder layers. Like earlier seq2seq models, the original transformer model used an encoder-decoder architecture. The encoder consists of encoding layers that process all the input tokens together one layer after another, while the decoder consists of decoding ...
A branch metric unit's function is to calculate branch metrics, which are normed distances between every possible symbol in the code alphabet, and the received symbol. There are hard decision and soft decision Viterbi decoders. A hard decision Viterbi decoder receives a simple bitstream on its input, and a Hamming distance is used
The delay line and interleaver force input bits d k to appear in different sequences. At first iteration, the input sequence d k appears at both outputs of the encoder, x k and y 1k or y 2k due to the encoder's systematic nature. If the encoders C 1 and C 2 are used in n 1 and n 2 iterations, their rates are respectively equal to
If the input is a continuous-time analog signal, it needs to be sampled first so that a discrete-time signal is the input to the DPCM encoder. Option 1: take the values of two consecutive samples; if they are analog samples, quantize them; calculate the difference between the first one and the next; the output is the difference.