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A tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is one of the late complications of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and can be life-threatening if the abscess ruptures and results in sepsis. It consists of an encapsulated or confined pocket of pus with defined boundaries that forms during an infection of a fallopian tube and ovary .
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a minimally invasive alternative method. [3] Treatment also includes adequate hydration. [1] Further surgery such as is sometimes required to treat the underlying cause; such as salpingo-oophorectomy for tubo-ovarian abscess. [2]
Hematosalpinx; Laparoscopic view, looking from superiorly to inferiorly in the peritoneal cavity which has been pumped up with carbon dioxide gas to visualize the uterus (marked by blue arrows).
One of the most important factors used to determine the clinical suspicion of malignancy of an adnexal mass is the sonographic appearance of the mass. [2] Indications that the mass is at a higher risk of being malignant include the presence of loculations, nodules , papillary structures, septations , or a size greater than 10 cm. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
During an infertility work-up a hysterosalpingogram, an X-ray procedure that uses a contrast agent to image the fallopian tubes, shows the retort-like shape of the distended tubes and the absence of spillage of the dye into the peritoneum. If, however, there is a tubal occlusion at the utero-tubal junction, a hydrosalpinx may go undetected.
Clinical trials are used to analyze the efficacy and safety of medications, medical intervention, and medical procedures. Historically, women representation in clinical trials has been suboptimal, oftentimes being excluded from trials due to "potential maternal-fetal liability", [ 8 ] "have less experience, and are more costly to engage". [ 9 ]
Occluding or removing both fallopian tubes decreases the likelihood that a sexually transmitted infection can ascend from the vagina to the abdominal cavity, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or a tubo-ovarian abscess. [5] Tubal ligation does not eliminate the risk of PID, and does not offer protection against sexually transmitted ...
Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome occurs almost exclusively in women, though it can be seen in males rarely. [5] It is complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Chlamydia) or Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea) though other bacteria such as Bacteroides, Gardnerella, E. coli and Streptococcus have also been found to cause Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome on occasion. [6]