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The four temperament theory is a proto-psychological theory which suggests that there are four fundamental personality types: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Most formulations include the possibility of mixtures among the types where an individual's personality types overlap and they share two or more temperaments.
The melancholic and choleric, however, shared a sustained response (dryness), and the sanguine and phlegmatic shared a short-lived response (wetness). This meant that the choleric and melancholic both would tend to hang on to emotions like anger, and thus appear more serious and critical than the fun-loving sanguine, and the peaceful phlegmatic.
In fact, the original four types of temperament (choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic and sanguine) suggested by Hippocrates and Galen resemble mild forms of types of psychiatric disorders described in modern classifications. Moreover, Hippocrates-Galen hypothesis of chemical imbalances as factors of consistent individual differences has also been ...
The four humors as depicted in an 18th-century woodcut: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine and melancholic. The imbalance of humors, or dyscrasia, was thought to be the direct cause of all diseases. Health was associated with a balance of humors, or eucrasia. The qualities of the humors, in turn, influenced the nature of the diseases they caused.
The four temperaments, harm avoidance, reward dependence, novelty-seeking and persistence, are somewhat analogous to ancient conceptions of melancholic, sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic personality types, although the temperaments reflect dimensions rather than distance categories.
Stable introverts (phlegmatic qualities such as calm, even-tempered, reliable, controlled, peaceful, thoughtful, careful, passive) Unstable introverts (melancholic qualities such as quiet, reserved, pessimistic, sober, rigid, anxious, moody) Further research demonstrated the need for a third category of temperament: [3]
Knowing—and manipulating—your "biological age"is certainly en vogue right, with longevity bros and our surging wellness era taking center stage in the public consciousness.But while it may be ...
An ancient belief held the human body contains four "humors" corresponding to respective temperaments, namely, melancholic (sad), sanguine (happy), choleric (aggressive), and phlegmatic (calm). [19] Cain says that Aristotle wondered why great poets, philosophers, artists, and politicians often had melancholic personalities—personalities ...