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It is estimated that during the period 2005-2019, the global shipping industry as a whole paid taxes corresponding to an effective corporate income tax rate of 7%, compared to the OECD average corporate tax rate of 23.7%. One of the main reasons for the favorable tax treatment was the tonnage tax arrangements of several countries. [2]
Non-tax revenues fluctuate much more from one year to another than taxes — three times as much in the European Union, [7] and slightly less than that for the globe as a whole. [8] Many countries in Africa can report changes in non-tax revenue of over 35 percent from one year to another due to variations in the price of their natural resources ...
The gross tonnage calculation is defined in Regulation 3 of Annex 1 of The International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969. [3] It is based on two variables, and is ultimately an increasing one-to-one function of ship volume:
Shipping firms may need to pay a fee to use the Baltic Sea, one of the world's busiest shipping routes, in order to cover the high costs of protecting undersea cables, Estonia's defence minister ...
The law of carriage of goods by sea is a body of law that governs the rights and duties of shippers, carriers and consignees of marine cargo. [1]Primarily concerned with cargo claims, this body of law combines the international commercial law, the law of the sea and admiralty laws.
Specific utility taxes - in this case, certain services are provided on a utility basis and consumers are charged fees, user charges, or tolls. Taxes instead of fees - In cases where direct fees are costly to impose, a tax on the free product can be used instead of fees.
CORPNET's top 5 Conduits and top 5 Sinks are 9 of the 10 largest tax havens identified in 2010 by one of the academic founders of tax haven research, James R. Hines Jr. Hines' 2010 list of 10 major tax havens only differs in its omission of the U.K., which in 2010, had only just reformed its corporate tax system. [12]
A forward freight agreement (FFA) is a financial forward contract that allows ship owners, charterers and speculators to hedge against the volatility of freight rates. It gives the contract owner the right to buy and sell the price of freight for future dates.