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Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
The Millennium Prize Problems are seven well-known complex mathematical problems selected by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000. The Clay Institute has pledged a US $1 million prize for the first correct solution to each problem.
Solution of a travelling salesman problem: the black line shows the shortest possible loop that connects every red dot. In the theory of computational complexity, the travelling salesman problem (TSP) asks the following question: "Given a list of cities and the distances between each pair of cities, what is the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the ...
where , is the inner product.Examples of inner products include the real and complex dot product; see the examples in inner product.Every inner product gives rise to a Euclidean norm, called the canonical or induced norm, where the norm of a vector is denoted and defined by ‖ ‖:= , , where , is always a non-negative real number (even if the inner product is complex-valued).
When s is a complex number—one that looks like a+b𝑖, using the imaginary number 𝑖—finding 𝜁(s) gets tricky. So tricky, in fact, that it’s become the ultimate math question.
The special case with n = 3 is Nesbitt's inequality. For greater values of n the inequality does not hold, and the strict lower bound is γ n / 2 with γ ≈ 0.9891… (sequence A245330 in the OEIS). The initial proofs of the inequality in the pivotal cases n = 12 [2] and n = 23 [3] rely on numerical computations.
In mathematics the estimation lemma, also known as the ML inequality, gives an upper bound for a contour integral. If f is a complex -valued, continuous function on the contour Γ and if its absolute value | f ( z ) | is bounded by a constant M for all z on Γ , then
Consider the following nonlinear optimization problem in standard form: . minimize () subject to (),() =where is the optimization variable chosen from a convex subset of , is the objective or utility function, (=, …,) are the inequality constraint functions and (=, …,) are the equality constraint functions.