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The Hebrew Bible depicted a three-part world, with the heavens above, Earth (eres) in the middle, and the underworld below. [26] After the 4th century BCE this was gradually replaced by a Greek scientific cosmology of a spherical Earth surrounded by multiple concentric heavens. [9]
Medieval artistic representation of a spherical Earth – with compartments representing earth, air, and water (c. 1400) The Erdapfel, the oldest surviving terrestrial globe (1492/1493) The spherical shape of the Earth was known and measured by astronomers, mathematicians, and navigators from a variety of literate ancient cultures, including ...
Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), the most widely taught theologian of the Middle Ages, believed in a spherical Earth and took for granted that his readers also knew the Earth is round. [117] [77] Lectures in the medieval universities commonly advanced evidence in favor of the idea that the Earth was a sphere. [118]
The Hebrew Bible depicts a three-part world, with the heavens above, Earth (eres) in the middle, and the underworld (sheol) below. [37] The Old Testament teaches the view that was current at the time and place of its writing: that the earth is a disk, with stars on a firmament above it, and beyond the stars is the cosmic sea. [38]
In English, the word "firmament" is recorded as early as 1250, in the Middle English Story of Genesis and Exodus.It later appeared in the King James Bible.The same word is found in French and German Bible translations, all from Latin firmamentum (a firm object), used in the Vulgate (4th century). [4]
The concept of a spherical Earth dates back to around the 6th century BC, [2] but remained a matter of philosophical speculation until the 3rd century BC. The first scientific estimation of the radius of the Earth was given by Eratosthenes about 240 BC, with estimates of the accuracy of Eratosthenes's measurement ranging from −1% to 15%.
Tohuw is frequently used in the Book of Isaiah in the sense of "vanity", but bohuw occurs nowhere else in the Hebrew Bible (outside of Genesis 1:2, the passage in Isaiah 34:11 mentioned above, [5] and in Jeremiah 4:23, which is a reference to Genesis 1:2), its use alongside tohu being mere paronomasia, and is given the equivalent translation of ...
The Ge zhi cao (格致草) treatise of Xiong Mingyu (熊明遇) published in 1648 showed a printed picture of Earth as a spherical globe, with the text stating that "the round Earth certainly has no square corners". [97] The text also pointed out that sailing ships could return to their port of origin after circumnavigating the waters of Earth ...