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Gelatin capsules, informally called gel caps or gelcaps, are composed of gelatin manufactured from the collagen of animal skin or bone. [4] Vegetable capsules, introduced in 1989, [5] are made from cellulose, a structural component in plants. The main ingredient of vegetarian capsules is hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. In the 21st century ...
Non-alcoholic tinctures can be made with glycerin but it is believed to be less absorbed by the body than alcohol based tinctures and has a shorter shelf life. [29] Herbal wine and elixirs are alcoholic extracts of herbs, usually with an ethanol percentage of 12–38%. [27] Extracts include liquid extracts, dry extracts, and nebulisates. Liquid ...
Over a hundred of the 224 drugs mentioned in the Huangdi Neijing – an early Chinese medical text – are herbs. [11] Herbs also commonly featured in the medicine of ancient India, where the principal treatment for diseases was diet. [12] A sample of raw opium. Opioids are among the world's oldest known drugs.
Pharmaceutical manufacturing is the process of industrial-scale synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs as part of the pharmaceutical industry. The process of drug manufacturing can be broken down into a series of unit operations, such as milling, granulation, coating, tablet pressing, and others.
Formulation studies involve developing a preparation of the drug which is both stable and acceptable to the patients. For orally administered drugs, this usually involves incorporating the drug into a tablet or a capsule. It is important to make the distinction that a tablet contains a variety of other potentially inert substances apart from ...
Plants provide fitness benefits. Upwards of 25% of all pharmaceutical drugs are from plant-derived sources. [33] The US National Cancer Institute has identified over 3,000 plants that are effective against cancer cells. Almost all major recreational drugs are secondary plant compounds or a close chemical analog. [12]
Opium (also known as poppy tears, or Lachryma papaveris) is the dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. [4] Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the illegal drug trade.
From the 1930s to 1960s, ibogaine was sold in France in the form of Lambarène, an extract of the Tabernanthe manii plant, and promoted as a mental and physical stimulant. [1] It was formulated at doses of 200 mg extract containing low doses of 4 to 8 mg ibogaine per tablet. [2] [1] The drug enjoyed some popularity among post-World War II ...