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Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) is a technique used extensively to study the effect of low serotonin in the brain. [1] This experimental approach reduces the availability of tryptophan , an amino acid which serves as the precursor to serotonin.
This region is extremely rich in serotonin transporters and is considered as a governor for a vast network involving areas like hypothalamus and brain stem, which influences changes in appetite and sleep; the amygdala and insula, which affect the mood and anxiety; the hippocampus, which plays an important role in memory formation; and some ...
Low brain serotonin level is induced by administration of tryptophan-poor protein in a technique called acute tryptophan depletion. [68] Studies using this method have evaluated the effect of serotonin on mood and social behavior, finding that serotonin reduces aggression and increases agreeableness.
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH; EC 1.14.16.4) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5HT). 5HT is causally involved in numerous central nervous activities, and it has several functions in peripheral tissues, including the maintenance of vascular tone and gut motility.[supplied by OMIM] [7]
α-Methyltryptophan (αMTP or α-MTP) is a synthetic tryptamine derivative, an artificial amino acid, and a prodrug of α-methylserotonin (αMS). [1] [2] [3] It is the α-methylated derivative of tryptophan, while αMS is the α-methylated analogue of serotonin.
Disorders affecting the kynurenine pathway may be primary (of genetic origin) or secondary (due to inflammatory conditions). [9] Peripheral inflammation can lead to a build up of kynurenine in the brain, and this is associated with major depressive disorder, [5] [6] bipolar disorder, [1] [5] [2] [8] and schizophrenia.
TPH1 was first discovered to support serotonin synthesis in 1988 by converting tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan. [6] It was thought that there only was a single TPH gene until 2003. A second form was found in the mouse ( Tph2 ), rat and human brain ( TPH2 ) and the original TPH was then renamed to TPH1.
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is an enzyme (EC 1.14.16.4) involved in the synthesis of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin. Tyrosine hydroxylase , phenylalanine hydroxylase , and tryptophan hydroxylase together constitute the family of biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases .