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Bafilomycin A1 specifically targets the vacuolar-type H +-ATPase (V-ATPase) enzyme, a membrane-spanning proton pump that acidifies either the extracellular environment or intracellular organelles such as the lysosome of animal cells or the vacuole of plants and fungi. [9]
1.A.78 The K +-selective Channel in Endosomes and Lysosomes (KEL) Family; 1.A.79 The Cholesterol Uptake Protein (ChUP) or Double Stranded RNA Uptake Family; 1.A.80 The NS4a Viroporin (NS4a) Family; 1.A.81 The Low Affinity Ca 2+ Channel (LACC) Family; 1.A.82 The Hair Cell Mechanotransduction Channel (HCMC) Family
The yeast V-ATPase is the best characterized. There are at least thirteen subunits identified to form a functional V-ATPase complex, which consists of two domains. The subunits belong to either the V o domain (membrane associated subunits, lowercase letters on the figure) or the V 1 domain (peripherally associated subunits, uppercase letters on the figure).
GABA transporter 2 (GAT2; SLC6A13) also known as sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2 is one of four GABA transporters, GAT1 (), GAT2 (SLC6A13), GAT3 and BGT1 (). [1]
The process of phagocytosis showing phagolysosome formation. Lysosome(shown in green) fuses with phagosome to form a phagolysosome. Membrane fusion of the phagosome and lysosome is regulated by the Rab5 protein, [1] a G protein that allows the exchange of material between these two organelles but prevents complete fusion of their membranes. [1]
The autophagic process is divided into five distinct stages: Initiation, phagophore nucleation, autophagosomal formation (elongation), autophagosome-lysosome fusion (autophagolysosome) and cargo degradation. [1] An autophagosome is a spherical structure with double layer membranes. [2]