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Davies, Paul (1986), The Forces of Nature, Cambridge Univ. Press 2nd ed. Feynman, Richard (1967), The Character of Physical Law, MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-56003-0; Schumm, Bruce A. (2004), Deep Down Things, Johns Hopkins University Press While all interactions are discussed, discussion is especially thorough on the weak.
All other forces in nature derive from these four fundamental interactions operating within quantum mechanics, including the constraints introduced by the Schrödinger equation and the Pauli exclusion principle. [67] For example, friction is a manifestation of the electromagnetic force acting between atoms of two surfaces.
In physics, a fifth force refers to a hypothetical fundamental interaction (also known as fundamental force) beyond the four known interactions in nature: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces. Some speculative theories have proposed a fifth force to explain various anomalous observations that do not fit ...
The Standard Model describes three of the four fundamental interactions in nature; only gravity remains unexplained. In the Standard Model, such an interaction is described as an exchange of bosons between the objects affected, such as a photon for the electromagnetic force and a gluon for the strong interaction.
The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and molecules. Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism, which are distinct but closely intertwined phenomena. Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles.
Later attempts to unify general relativity with other forces incorporate quantum mechanics. The concept of a "Theory of Everything" [4] or Grand Unified Theory [5] are closely related to unified field theory, but differ by not requiring the basis of nature to be fields, and often by attempting to explain physical constants of nature ...
Storm surge: Explaining the fury and science behind one of nature's most potent forces. Michael Kuhne. September 3, 2018 at 10:33 AM. 1 / 4.
GUTs with four families / generations, SU(8): Assuming 4 generations of fermions instead of 3 makes a total of 64 types of particles. These can be put into 64 = 8 + 56 representations of SU(8) . This can be divided into SU(5) × SU(3) F × U(1) which is the SU(5) theory together with some heavy bosons which act on the generation number.