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Aflatoxin B 1 and B 2 (AFB), produced by A. flavus and A. parasiticus; Aflatoxin G 1 and G 2 (AFG), produced by some Group II A. flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus [19] Aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1), metabolite of aflatoxin B 1 in humans and animals (exposure in ng levels may come from a mother's milk)
US food safety regulations have set a maximum permitted level of 20 μg/kg for aflatoxin B 1, in combination with the other aflatoxins (B 2, G 1 and G 2) in all foods, with the exception of milk which has a maximum permitted level of 0.5 μg/kg. Higher levels of 100–300 μg/kg are tolerable for some animal feeds. [48] [49] European Union (EU)
[7] [8] The four major aflatoxins are called B1, B2, G1, and G2 based on their fluorescence under UV light (blue or green) and relative chromatographic mobility during thin-layer chromatography. Aflatoxin B1 is the most potent natural carcinogen known [9] and is usually the major aflatoxin produced by toxigenic strains. It is also the best ...
For instance, if the ADI is based on data from humans the safety factor is usually 10 instead of 100. The ADI is usually given in mg per kg body weight. [5] The ADI is considered a safe intake level for a healthy adult of normal weight who consumes an average daily amount of the substance in question.
The chemical structure of aflatoxin M 1.Aflatoxin M 1 is the 4-hydroxy derivative of aflatoxin B 1 and is secreted in the milk of mammals that consume aflatoxin B 1.Aflatoxin M 1 has a relative molecular mass of 328 Da and has the molecular formula C 17 H 12 O 7.
Peanut butter is a common peanut-based food, representing half of the American total peanut consumption and $850 million in annual retail sales. [75] Peanut soup is found on restaurant menus in the southeastern states. [76] In some southern portions of the US, peanuts are boiled for several hours until soft and moist. [77]
Fumonisin B1 contamination of maize has been reported worldwide at mg/kg levels. Human exposure occurs at levels of micrograms to milligrams per day and is greatest in regions where maize products are the dietary staple. Fumonisin B 1 is hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic in all animal species tested. The earliest histological change to appear in ...
Sterigmatocystin is a polyketide mycotoxin produced by certain species of Aspergillus.The toxin is naturally found in some cheeses.. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins as it is the penultimate precursor of aflatoxins B1 and G1. [1]