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For materials satisfying M = χH, we can also write B = μ 0 (1 + χ)H = μ 0 μ r H = μH, where μ r = 1 + χ is the (dimensionless) relative permeability and μ =μ 0 μ r is the magnetic permeability. Both hard and soft magnets have a more complex, history-dependent, behavior described by what are called hysteresis loops, which give either ...
Ferromagnetism is vital in industrial applications and modern technologies, forming the basis for electrical and electromechanical devices such as electromagnets, electric motors, generators, transformers, magnetic storage (including tape recorders and hard disks), and nondestructive testing of ferrous materials.
3, is in between soft and hard magnetic material and is usually classified as a semi-hard material. [23] It is mainly used for its magnetostrictive applications like sensors and actuators [24] thanks to its high saturation magnetostriction (~200 ppm). Co Fe 2 O 4 has also the benefits to be rare-earth free, which makes it a good substitute for ...
The coercivity is a measure of the degree of magnetic hysteresis and therefore characterizes the lossiness of soft magnetic materials for their common applications. The saturation remanence and coercivity are figures of merit for hard magnets, although maximum energy product is also commonly quoted.
Materials with high magnetic anisotropy usually have high coercivity, that is, they are hard to demagnetize. These are called "hard" ferromagnetic materials and are used to make permanent magnets . For example, the high anisotropy of rare-earth metals is mainly responsible for the strength of rare-earth magnets .
Ferrofluid on glass, with a rare-earth magnet underneath. A rare-earth magnet is a strong permanent magnet made from alloys of rare-earth elements.Developed in the 1970s and 1980s, rare-earth magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnets made, producing significantly stronger magnetic fields than other types such as ferrite or alnico magnets.