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Witch's brooms on downy birch, caused by the fungus Taphrina betulina Witch's broom on a white pine. Witch's broom in Yamaska National Park, QC. Witch's broom or witches' broom is a deformity in a woody plant, typically a tree, where the natural structure of the plant is changed. A dense mass of shoots grows from a single point, with the ...
There can be several witches broom in a tree. [4] Witches broom, formed by Taphrina betulina can be found on dwarf birch (Betula nana), Betula nana x pubescens, silver birch (Betula pendula), downy birch (Betula pubescens) and Betula pubescens var.glabrata. [1] A phytoplasma can also form similar looking witches broom on birch. [4]
Cystotheca lanestris, the live oak witch's broom fungus, is a species of mildew that infects buds and induces stem galls called witch's brooms on oak trees in California, Arizona, and Mexico in North America. [2] [3] Witch's brooms are "abnormal clusters of shoots that are thickened, elongated, and highly branched."
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One example of a modern witch's ladder is a string of 40 beads or a cord with 40 knots. Sometimes feathers, bones, and other trinkets are braided into the string as symbols for a desired spell effect. An earlier version of a witch's ladder consisted of a rope or cord of three, nine, or thirteen knots.
The besom or broom, is often associated with witches and witchcraft. The stories of witches flying on brooms originated from the besom. [citation needed] In Wicca, it is used in handfasting ceremonies wherein a couple jumps over it. The besom is also used in seasonal fertility dances as a representation of a phallus.
Moniliophthora perniciosa (previously Crinipellis perniciosa) [1] is a fungus that causes "witches' broom disease" (WBD) of the cocoa tree T. cacao. [2] This pathogen is currently limited to South America, Panama and the Caribbean, and is perhaps one of the best-known cocoa diseases, thought to have co-evolved with cocoa in its centre of origin (first recorded in the Brazilian Amazon in 1785).
While the diagrams in these first articles were hand-drawn, the advent of typesetting software such as LaTeX and PGF/TikZ made the publication of string diagrams more wide-spread. [ 5 ] The existential graphs and diagrammatic reasoning of Charles Sanders Peirce are arguably the oldest form of string diagrams, they are interpreted in the ...