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The Battle of the Atlantic has been called the "longest, largest, and most complex" naval battle in history. [18] The campaign started immediately after the European war began, during the so-called " Phoney War ", and lasted more than five years, until the German surrender in May 1945.
The Battle of the Atlantic by John Costello and Terry Hughes (1977, Collins, London) OCLC 464381083; Barone, João (2013) 1942: O Brasil e sua guerra quase desconhecida (1942: Brazil and its almost forgotten war) (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro, ISBN 8520933947; Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith & Don Kinde.World War II Sea War, Vol 5.
The Atlantic campaign was a tonnage war; the UBW needed to sink ships faster than they could be replaced to win, and needed to build more U-boats than were lost in order not to lose. Before May 1943, the UBW was not winning; even in their worst months, the majority of convoys arrived without being attacked, while even in those that were ...
Admiral Sir Max Kennedy Horton, GCB, DSO & Two Bars, SGM (29 November 1883 – 30 July 1951) was a British submariner during the First World War and commander-in-chief of the Western Approaches in the later half of the Second World War, responsible for British participation in the Battle of the Atlantic.
The North Atlantic battle surrounding it in May 1943 is regarded as the turning point of the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II. The battle ebbed and flowed over a period of a week, and involved more than 50 Allied ships and their escorts, and over 30 U-boats. It saw heavy losses on both sides.
A U-boat shells a merchant ship which has remained afloat after being torpedoed. The early phase of the Battle of the Atlantic during which German Navy U-boats enjoyed significant success against the British Royal Navy and its Allies was referred to by U-boat crews as "the Happy Time" ("Die Glückliche Zeit"), [1] and later the First Happy Time, after a second successful period was encountered.
She served primarily as a convoy escort in the Battle of the Atlantic. She was named for Matane, Quebec. Matane was originally ordered as Stormont [2] in October 1941 as part of the 1942–1943 River-class building program. [3] [4] She was laid down on 23 December 1942 by Canadian Vickers Ltd. at Montreal, Quebec and launched 29 May 1943. [4]
The battle was undoubtedly a success for the Germans. However, they had failed to interrupt the North Atlantic convoy route to any extent; 68 ships (two-thirds of those involved) made a safe and timely arrival, and the 38 ships of HX 229A, which had been detached at New York to cross separately, arrived unscathed.