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An androgen prohormone, or proandrogen, is a prohormone (or prodrug) of an anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS). They can be prohormones of testosterone or of synthetic AAS, for example, nandrolone (19-nortestosterone). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione may all be considered proandrogens of testosterone. [1]
Hyperandrogenism is a medical condition characterized by high levels of androgens.It is more common in women than men. [4] Symptoms of hyperandrogenism may include acne, seborrhea, hair loss on the scalp, increased body or facial hair, and infrequent or absent menstruation.
An androgen-dependent condition, disease, disorder, or syndrome, is a medical condition that is, in part or full, dependent on, or is sensitive to, the presence of androgenic activity in the body. [ citation needed ]
Androgens are synthesized in the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands. Androgens increase in both males and females during puberty. [3] The major androgen in males is testosterone. [4] Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione are of equal importance in male development. [4] DHT in utero causes differentiation of the penis, scrotum ...
Androgen deficiency most commonly affects women, and is also called Female androgen insufficiency syndrome (FAIS), although it can happen in both sexes. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Androgenic activity is mediated by androgens (a class of steroid hormones with varying affinities for the androgen receptor ), and is dependent on various factors including androgen ...
The diagnosis of AIS is confirmed if androgen receptor gene sequencing reveals a mutation, although not all individuals with AIS (particularly PAIS) will have an AR mutation (see Other Causes). [11] [42] [43] [44] Each of the three types of AIS (complete, partial, and mild) has a different list of differential diagnoses to consider. [5]
Anabolic steroids may also be a major cause of high androgen and estrogen functional activity. Other possible causes include head injuries and brain inflammatory diseases. [3] Hypergonadism may contribute to symptoms such as precocious puberty and abnormal facial hair growth in females. [4]
Insulin resistance leads to hyperinsulinemia which, in turn, leads to an excess production of androgen hormones by the ovaries. High levels of androgen hormones (hyperandrogenism) in females causes excessive hair growth, acne and irregular menstruation. Patients with both underlying mechanisms of insulin resistance may have more severe ...