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Principal component analysis (PCA) is a linear dimensionality reduction technique with applications in exploratory data analysis, visualization and data preprocessing. The data is linearly transformed onto a new coordinate system such that the directions (principal components) capturing the largest variation in the data can be easily identified.
In ()-(), L1-norm ‖ ‖ returns the sum of the absolute entries of its argument and L2-norm ‖ ‖ returns the sum of the squared entries of its argument.If one substitutes ‖ ‖ in by the Frobenius/L2-norm ‖ ‖, then the problem becomes standard PCA and it is solved by the matrix that contains the dominant singular vectors of (i.e., the singular vectors that correspond to the highest ...
Financial modeling is the task of building an abstract representation (a model) of a real world financial situation. [1] This is a mathematical model designed to represent (a simplified version of) the performance of a financial asset or portfolio of a business, project, or any other investment.
The business model canvas is a strategic management template that is used for developing new business models and documenting existing ones. [2] [3] It offers a visual chart with elements describing a firm's or product's value proposition, [4] infrastructure, customers, and finances, [1] assisting businesses to align their activities by illustrating potential trade-offs.
[7] [8] Ke is most often used in the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), in which Ke = Rf + ß(Rm-Rf). In this equation, Ke (COE) equals the anticipated return from the difference (Beta) of investment yields from a return based on market expectations (Rm) [ 9 ] and a Risk Free Rate (Rf), such as Treasury Bills or Bonds.
The following examples provide an overview for various business model types that have been in discussion since the invention of term business model: Bricks and clicks business model Business model by which a company integrates both offline and online presences. One example of the bricks-and-clicks model is when a chain of stores allows the user ...
In statistics, principal component regression (PCR) is a regression analysis technique that is based on principal component analysis (PCA). PCR is a form of reduced rank regression . [ 1 ] More specifically, PCR is used for estimating the unknown regression coefficients in a standard linear regression model .
REA treats the accounting system as a virtual representation of the actual business. In other words, it creates computer objects that directly represent real-world-business objects. In computer science terms, REA is an ontology. The real objects included in the REA model are: goods, services or money, i.e., resources