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Gerard was born in Cremona in northern Italy. Dissatisfied with the philosophies of his Italian teachers, Gerard went to Toledo. There he learned Arabic, initially so that he could read Ptolemy's Almagest, [3] which had a traditionally high reputation among scholars, but which, before his departure to Castile, was not yet known in Latin translation.
Robert of Chester (Latin: Robertus Castrensis) was an English Arabist of the 12th century. He translated several historically important books from Arabic to Latin, such as: Book on the Composition of Alchemy (Liber de compositione alchemiae): translated in 1144, this was the first book on alchemy to become available in Europe [1]
The first was led by Archbishop Raymond of Toledo in the 12th century, who promoted the translation of philosophical and religious works, mainly from classical Arabic into medieval Latin. Under King Alfonso X of Castile during the 13th century, the translators no longer worked with Latin as the final language, but translated into Old Spanish.
He compiled the encyclopedic Sirr al-Asrar, or the Book of the Science of Government: On the Good Ordering of Statecraft, which became known to the Latin-speaking medieval world as Secretum Secretorum ("[The Book of] the Secret of Secrets") in a mid-12th century translation; it treated a wide range of topics, including statecraft, ethics ...
Various recipes and other medical texts were added to the front (folios Ir-IIv) and back (folios 87v-89r) of the manuscript in 12th and 13th century. Exemplar(s) This codex is in large parts a translation from the Arabic of the Kitab al-Malaki (Royal Book) of Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi (Ali Abbas, died after 977). Discovered
In the 12th and 13th centuries, the sciences—such as mathematics, astronomy, pharmacology, botany, and medicine—flourished. Abu al-Baqa ar-Rundi wrote the qasida Elegy for al-Andalus in 1267. [67] Hadith Bayad wa Riyad is a 13th-century love story and one of 3 surviving illuminated manuscripts from al-Andalus. [68]
Dioscorides' treatise was considered especially important, and remains one of the best examples of manuscript translation and illustration produced by the Baghdad School. [2] Dioscorides was a renowned Greek physician, herbalist, and pharmacist serving the Roman Empire and its armies during the first century CE, whose work gained influence ...
The first Latin translation is due to James of Venice (12th century), and has always been considered as the translatio vetus (ancient translation). [13] The second Latin translation ( translatio nova , new translation) was made from the Arabic translation of the text around 1230, and it was accompanied by Averroes 's commentary; the translator ...