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Index fossils must have a short vertical range, wide geographic distribution and rapid evolutionary trends. Another term, "zone fossil", is used when the fossil has all the characters stated above except wide geographical distribution; thus, they correlate the surrounding rock to a biozone rather than a specific time period.
Eastern Europe H. erectus (associated) Stone tools, hominin remains, cut marks on bone Pirro Nord [49] 1.3-1.6 [50] Italy Western Europe Stone tools Sterkfontein Member 5 [51] 1.1-1.6 South Africa Southern Africa Stone tools, Homo and Paranthropus remains Barranco León [52] 1.2-1.4 Spain Western Europe Stone tools, animal bones, bone flakes
Europe is relatively rich in fossils from the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary, and much of what is known about European dinosaurs dates from this time. During the Maastrichtian the end of the Cretaceous dinosaurs were dominating western and Central Europe as the Tremp Formation in Spain dates back to that age.
The genetic history of Europe has been inferred by observing the patterns of genetic diversity across the continent and in the surrounding areas. Use has been made of both classical genetics and molecular genetics. [73] [74] Analysis of the DNA of the modern population of Europe has mainly been used but use has also been made of ancient DNA.
An artist's rendering of a temporary wood house, based on evidence found at Terra Amata (in Nice, France) and dated to the Lower Paleolithic (c. 400,000 BP) [5]. The oldest evidence of human occupation in Eastern Europe comes from the Kozarnika cave in Bulgaria where a single human tooth and flint artifacts have been dated to at least 1.4 million years ago.
In the early Miocene, Europe had a subtropical climate and was intermittently connected to Africa by land bridges. At the same time, Africa was becoming more arid, prompting the dispersal of its tropical fauna—including primates—north into Europe. [6] Apes first appear in the European fossil record 17 million years ago with Griphopithecus. [7]
The expansion of early modern humans from the Levant where the Levantine Aurignacian stage has been identified. The Aurignacian (/ ɔːr ɪ ɡ ˈ n eɪ ʃ ən /) is an archaeological industry of the Upper Paleolithic associated with Early European modern humans (EEMH) lasting from 43,000 to 26,000 years ago.
Fossils have been visible and common throughout most of natural history, and so documented human interaction with them goes back as far as recorded history, or earlier. There are many examples of paleolithic stone knives in Europe, with fossil echinoderms set precisely at the hand grip, dating back to Homo heidelbergensis and Neanderthals. [15]