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The sessile drop contact angle is measured by a contact angle goniometer using an optical subsystem to capture the profile of a pure liquid on a solid substrate. The angle formed between the liquid–solid interface and the liquid–vapor interface is the contact angle.
In the top picture, the volume of the drop is being increased, and in the bottom it is being decreased. Each notated angle is an instance of a similar contact angle. The simplest way of measuring the contact angle of a sessile drop is with a contact angle goniometer, which allows the user to measure the contact angle visually. A droplet is ...
The first contact angle goniometer was designed by William Zisman of the United States Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. and manufactured by ramé-hart (now ramé-hart instrument company), New Jersey, USA. The original manual contact angle goniometer used an eyepiece with a microscope.
The contact goniometer was the first instrument used to measure the interfacial angles of crystals. The International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) gives the following definition: "The law of the constancy of interfacial angles (or 'first law of crystallography') states that the angles between the crystal faces of a given species are constant, whatever the lateral extension of these faces ...
The contact angle the droplet had immediately before advancing outward is termed the advancing contact angle. The receding contact angle is now measured by pumping the liquid back out of the droplet. The droplet will decrease in volume, the contact angle will decrease, but its three-phase boundary will remain stationary until it suddenly ...
A Carangeot contact goniometer. Arnould Carangeot (12 March 1742 – 16 December 1806) was a French naturalist and mineralogist who invented one of the first goniometers for measuring the angles of the faces of crystals. Through its use came about the first ideas in crystallography on the constancy of the dihedral angles and symmetry of ...