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A pioneering system of plant taxonomy, Linnaeus's Systema Naturae, Leiden, 1735. This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents "taxonomic systems" used in plant classification. A taxonomic system is a coherent whole of taxonomic judgments on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa. It is only a "system" if it is applied to a ...
Later came systems based on a more complete consideration of the characteristics of taxa, referred to as "natural systems", such as those of de Jussieu (1789), de Candolle (1813) and Bentham and Hooker (1862–1863). These classifications described empirical patterns and were pre-evolutionary in thinking.
However, in 1737 he published Genera Plantarum in which he claimed that his classification of genera was a natural system. [3] His botanical classification and sexual system were used well into the nineteenth century. [4] Within each class were several orders. This system is based on the number and arrangement of male and female organs. [5]
The kingdom-level classification of life is still widely employed as a useful way of grouping organisms, notwithstanding some problems with this approach: Kingdoms such as Protozoa represent grades rather than clades, and so are rejected by phylogenetic classification systems.
Carl Linnaeus made the classification "domain" popular in the famous taxonomy system he created in the middle of the eighteenth century. This system was further improved by the studies of Charles Darwin later on but could not classify bacteria easily, as they have very few observable features to compare to the other domains.
Pragmatic classification (and functional [40] and teleological classification) is the classification of items which emphasis the goals, purposes, consequences, [41] interests, values and politics of classification. It is, for example, classifying animals into wild animals, pests, domesticated animals and pets.
Linnaeus developed his classification of the plant kingdom in an attempt to describe and understand the natural world as a reflection of the logic of God's creation. [10] His sexual system, where species with the same number of stamens were treated in the same group, was convenient but in his view artificial. [10]
Note that this system was published well before there were internationally accepted rules for botanical nomenclature.It indicates a family by "ordo"; an order is indicated by "cohors" (in the first two volumes) or "series" (in the third volume); in the first two volumes “series” refers to a rank above that of order.