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Grahādhyāya (Chapter I-XIII) deals with planetary calculations, determination of the mean and true planets, three problems pertaining to diurnal motion of Earth, eclipses, rising and setting of the planets, the various cusps of the Moon, planetary and astral conjunctions, and complementary situations of the Sun and the Moon. [29]
The astronomers Mayank Vahia and Misturu Soma have identified the date of the solar eclipse as on 22 October 4202 BC or on 19 October 3811 BC. [4] The astronomers have also claimed that the story of the Atri's Eclipse is different and older from the general stories of Rahu and Ketu for the eclipses in the Hindu mythology.
Scientists from India also appeared throughout Europe. [134] By the time of India's independence colonial science had assumed importance within the westernized intelligentsia and establishment. French astronomer, Pierre Janssen observed the Solar eclipse of 18 August 1868 and discovered helium, from Guntur in Madras State, British India. [134]
For six minutes, the longest eclipse since 1416, the Moon would completely block the face of the Sun, pulling a curtain of darkness over a thin stripe of Earth.
Bappu helped to establish several astronomical institutions in India, including the Vainu Bappu Observatory which is named after him, and he also contributed to the establishment of the modern Indian Institute of Astrophysics. In 1957, he discovered the Wilson–Bappu effect jointly with American astronomer Olin Chaddock Wilson.
c. 500 – Indian mathematician-astronomer Aryabhata accurately computes the solar and lunar eclipses, and the length of Earth's revolution around the Sun. c. 500 – Aryabhata discovers the oblique motion of the apsidial precession of the Sun and notes that it is changing with respect to the motion of stars and Earth.
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The European Space Agency hopes to be able to study the sun's elusive outermost layer, known as the corona.