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A ger toshav ("resident alien") is a Gentile (non-Jew) living in the Land of Israel who agrees to follow the Seven Laws of Noah. [21] The theological basis for the seven commandments of the Noahic Covenant is said to be derived interpretatively from demands addressed to Adam [22] and to Noah, [23] who are believed to be the progenitors of humankind in Judaism, and therefore to be regarded as ...
permanent resident alien — any immigrant who has been lawfully admitted into a nation and granted the legal right to remain therein as a permanent resident in accord with the nation's immigration laws. [9] nonresident alien — any foreign national who is lawfully within a nation but whose legal domicile is in another nation. [10] [11]
Some aliens may, under some circumstances, elect to file "dual-status" returns, treating part of their tax year as being in nonresident status and part of it in resident status. [5] [17] [18] In order to be able to elect to file as a dual-status alien, an individual must meet both of the following requirements:
Citizens of a U.S. state are parties on one side of the case, with nonresident alien(s) as adverse parties; Complete diversity exists as to the U.S. parties, and nonresident aliens are additional parties; A foreign state (i.e., country) is the plaintiff, and the defendants are citizens of one or more U.S. states; or
The law of Canada divides people into three major groups: citizens, permanent residents, and foreign nationals. [4] Under Section 2 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection of Canada (IRPA), "foreign national means a person who is not a Canadian citizen or a permanent resident, and includes a stateless person."
Illegal immigration, or unauthorized immigration, occurs when foreign nationals, known as aliens, violate US immigration laws by entering the United States unlawfully, [1] [2] or by lawfully entering but then remaining after the expiration of their visas, parole or temporary protected status.
During the 1940s the predecessor to the "Permanent Resident" card was the "Alien Registration Receipt Card" which on the back would indicate "Perm.Res" in accordance with the Immigration Act of 1924. The INA, which was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1952, states that "[t]he term ' alien ' means any person, not a citizen or national of the ...
a citizen or resident of the United States (including a lawful permanent resident residing abroad who has not formally notified United States Citizenship and Immigration Services in order to abandon that status); [5] a domestic partnership; a domestic corporation; any estate (other than a foreign estate, within the meaning of paragraph (31)); and