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In telecommunications, the free-space path loss (FSPL) (also known as free-space loss, FSL) is the attenuation of radio energy between the feedpoints of two antennas that results from the combination of the receiving antenna's capture area plus the obstacle-free, line-of-sight (LoS) path through free space (usually air). [1]
The Huygens–Fresnel principle (named after Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens and French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel) states that every point on a wavefront is itself the source of spherical wavelets, and the secondary wavelets emanating from different points mutually interfere. [1] The sum of these spherical wavelets forms a new wavefront.
The individual wavefronts are spherical, but they combine in front of the antenna to create a plane wave, a beam of radio waves travelling in a specific direction θ. The phase shifters delay the radio waves progressively going up the line so each antenna emits its wavefront later than the one below it.
The new wavefront for the o-ray will be tangent to the spherical wavelets, while the new wavefront for the e-ray will be tangent to the ellipsoidal wavelets. Each plane wavefront propagates straight ahead but with different velocities: V 0 for the o-ray and V e for the e-ray. The direction of the k-vector is always perpendicular to the ...
Typical antenna parameters are gain, bandwidth, radiation pattern, beamwidth, polarization, impedance; These are imperative communicative means. The antenna pattern is the response of the antenna to a plane wave incident from a given direction or the relative power density of the wave transmitted by the antenna in a given direction. For a ...
In physics, the plane-wave expansion expresses a plane wave as a linear combination of spherical waves: = = (+) (^ ^), where i is the imaginary unit , k is a wave vector of length k ,
The plane wavefront is a good model for a surface-section of a very large spherical wavefront; for instance, sunlight strikes the earth with a spherical wavefront that has a radius of about 150 million kilometers (1 AU). For many purposes, such a wavefront can be considered planar over distances of the diameter of Earth.
Parabolic antennas are based on the geometrical property of the paraboloid that the paths FP 1 Q 1, FP 2 Q 2, FP 3 Q 3 are all the same length. Thus, a spherical wavefront emitted by a feed antenna at the dish's focus F will be reflected into an outgoing plane wave L travelling parallel to the dish's axis VF.