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The emperor of China was an absolute monarch. During the Han dynasty, Confucianism gained sanction as the official political theory. The absolute authority of the emperor came with a variety of governing duties and moral obligations; failure to uphold these was thought to remove the dynasty's Mandate of Heaven and to
China was fully united for the first time by Qin Shi Huang (r. 259–210 BCE), who established the first Imperial dynasty , adopting the title Huangdi ( 皇帝 ), meaning Emperor, which remained in use until the Imperial system's fall in 1912 .
Jin was born in Beijing on 3 May 1942. His father, Prince Puren, was the youngest brother of Puyi. Puyi was the last emperor of the Qing dynasty and later became emperor of Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet state in northeastern China. Jin was educated at the China University of Geosciences.
Puyi [c] (7 February 1906 – 17 October 1967) was the last emperor of China, reigning as the eleventh and final monarch of the Qing dynasty.In 1908, when the Guangxu Emperor died without an heir, Empress Dowager Cixi picked his nephew Puyi, aged two, to succeed him as the Xuantong Emperor.
Since Emperor Wu had just performed the religious feng (封) sacrifice at Mount Taishan, he named the new era yuanfeng (元封). This event is regarded as the formal establishment of era names in Chinese history. [16] Emperor Wu changed the era name once more when he established the 'Great Beginning' (太初 Taichu) calendar in 104 BC. [17]
In this article, "China" refers to the modern territories controlled by the People's Republic of China (which controls Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau) and the Republic of China (which controls Taiwan area). For more information, see Two Chinas, Political status of Taiwan, One-China policy, 1992 Consensus and One country, two systems.
China was a monarchy from prehistoric times up to 1912, when a republic was established. The succession of legendary monarchs of China were non-hereditary. Dynastic rule began c. 2070 BC when Yu the Great established the Xia dynasty, [d] and monarchy lasted until 1912 when dynastic rule collapsed together with the monarchical government. [5]
The emperor was the supreme head of state during the imperial era of China (221 BC – AD 1912), including the Song dynasty. He was a hereditary ruler who shared executive powers with civilian scholar-officials appointed to various levels of office according to their performance in bureaucratic examinations .